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Things I Learned - 02 Aug 2026

This week, I learned: I continue to be amazed at how efficient video codecs are compared with animated image formats. When compressing 38 PNGs, the final WEBM was smaller than many of the individual PNGs! 2343k: magick -delay 50 -loop 0 file-*.png file.gif 398k: magick -delay 50 -loop 0 file-*.png file.avif (slow) 284k: magick -delay 50 -loop 0 file-*.png file.webp 82k: ffmpeg -framerate 2 -i file-%03d.png -c:v libvpx-vp9 -pix_fmt yuva420p file.webm Please use AI by Shawn Smucker is the best guide I’ve read about where NOT to use AI. I need to be more mindful of this. gpt-transcribe is released at 0.45 cents / minute or 27c / hour. Gemini 3.6 Flash costs about the same ~27c. Gemini 3 Flash costs ~15c and that’s what I use today. Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite costs ~6c / hour but it follows my instructions very poorly. To benchmark this, I just re-run my transcribe_calls.py script on a recent conversation (that I remember well) with a different model to see if it’s clearly better or worse. No fancy benchmarking. Creating / maintaining formal benchmarks isn’t always worth it. ruff 0.16 is out and has a 350+ new default rules. I mean, who would check that functools.cache on instance methods has a memory leak? But its output is so agent-friendly that agents would just fix these on the fly anyway, so it does make sense. It’s another step towards code-writing becoming less accessible to humans. npm install --no-package-lock installs packages ignoring and without creating / updating package-lock.json. Useful for dev environments. Astral has published prebuilt GPU wheels for Flash Attention, vLLM, PyCUDA, and many others. One characteristic of good benchmarks is that they are easy to verify. I see a lot of comparisons of Fable vs Opus by having them generate 3D worlds (e.g. threejs, Blender, melt) - something that’s not trivial for agents, but evaluatable at a glance. Maybe it makes sense to open source the intermediate steps in ALL knowledge work, to make AI as good at it as with code? Arvind Narayanan Open-source software and culture is a historical accident. We take it for granted that not only are the outputs of software engineers’ creative work available publicly, but so are all of the intermediate steps (specifications, plans, mockups), tacit knowledge (StackOverflow, documentation culture), detailed process traces (issues, pull requests, bug fixes, code reviews), collaboration records (version control, project boards), and more broadly a culture of learning in public. This level of explicit description would be completely alien in most professions. ...

LLM Model Cost Capability Strategy

I track the cost vs capability of LLMs at LLM Pricing - the rough cost to read all Harry Potters (~1M tokens) vs the intelligence level on the LMSYS Leaderboard - over time. Here’s what the models’ strategy evolution looks like. Claude started at the mid-to-high end of the cost-capability frontier. Over time, they decided to specialize in the high-end, which they’re doing well on. ...

Things I Learned - 26 Jul 2026

This week, I learned: Thinking traces vanished in ChatGPT Work (or did they never exist) and seem to be vanishing in Claude. Not sure if it’s because Chinese models are using the thinking traces as signals. ChatGPT Skills is available in the Plus plan. This was available to Enterprise and Edu, but since I saw this on ChatGPT just today, I guess it’s a recent feature. Peter Gostev compares Opus 5, Fable 5, Kimi K3, GPT 5.6 Sol, GLM 5.3, etc. on a variety of visual tasks in this video. The most intruiguing prompt I spotted was: “I would like you to research the most interesting, impressive dataset where I would learn something about the world and you can visualize in the most creative way, making it something completely unexpected. Then create the most elaborate version of it possible.” This apart, I got the general sense that Opus 5 is quite good at visualization and design, perhaps even better than Fable 5. After reflecting on Knowledge graph construction with Claude, I believe that knowledge graph construction is roughly: “Tag each document with people, place, org, event, etc.” - and it’s good enough for agents to use. Increasingly, the real question isn’t “What interesting things you doing with agents?” It is the followup? “What lets you do that (when I can’t)”? For example, Naveen asked me, “Can I set up your email reply agent?” I said, “No, you don’t have transcripts, blogs, notes, or exports like I do.” LinkedIn lets you save a profile as PDF. While it formats text reasonably well, it doesn’t preserve newlines in the “About” section - so what looks good on the browser looks terrible in the PDF. Such PDFs are sent to interviewers, making it a bit of a bad experience for the interviewee. (Of course, it could also be a signal to see how well interviewees pay attention to small details like LinkedIn PDF formatting.) The ability to measure an outcome is (and has always been) important. It lets you capture value (outcome pricing) when you control the outcome, or de-risk (insurance) when you don’t. But what might be new is that metrics are outdated at an increasingly faster pace - so (a) setting an expiry date and (b) knowing if it’s expired have become important. I wasn’t using AI to reply to emails because (a) it didn’t have enough context and (b) it didn’t write in my style. I spent a few months making sure I give them context and style guidance. Given the current intelligence of models and my email reply prompt, I’m now happy for AI to answer my emails. My learnings based on YC request for startups Fall 2026 - which probably means we’ll see many more startups in these spaces. Here are my takeaways: Self-Maintaining APIs: Nice idea. When a service changes an API, they share an agent/skill that can fix YOUR code to upgrade the API! AI-Native Compliance Infrastructure: So, compliance becomes cheaper => MORE and STRICTER regulation. Licensees become valuable (AI rollup). Private regulator feedback becomes valuable. Compliance companies will themselves get regulated (like auditors). Multiplayer AI: Claude Tag is a step in this direction. WhatsApp’s @Meta is too. I expect most chats will allow AI as participants. Most collaborative software, too - GitHub, JIRA, Figma, GMail, HubSpot, maybe even VS Code, Office/Notion, Chrome, Games, … A Cloud for Small Software: Systems of record are likely to be safe, but software AROUND it will explode into tiny tools. Access control, ratings, … is what’ll be important, not generation / managing them. Grok 4.5 took 14 iterations to write an essay about Cheese before Pangram declared it “Human”. Pangram is increasingly becoming the new Turing Test. Rahul Notes from a Claude Code interview with Simon Willison: Fewer examples. More examples don’t help Fable and Opus 4.8. “… removing examples was extremely helpful, because it was just more creative than the examples we gave it.” Fewer hard constraints like “fewer “do not do this” instructions, because that’s a very strong impulse for Claude, and especially if it conflicts with user instructions”. “Do X when …” or “Do X because …” is more helpful. Fewer tools. A few general-purpose tools work best. Fewer sandboxes. Auto-mode is safe enough. Sonnet judges every tool call with context, enabling dynamic permissions. Fewer software / integrations. Use Claude Code itself as the software / integration layer. Fewer components. Memory is just a Markdown file in the right folder. Fewer interventions. “… given a COMPLETE definition of a task… does Claude make the right decisions” Fewer decisions. Fewer reviews. Generation is cheap, so let people who need something get there immediately, as long as a good AI judges and its reversible. “We actually have a different system prompt per model now”. Claude Tag is next evolution of Claude Code: Multiple people interacting per channel, working with Claude on a task. (Claude tag contributes to 65% of our PRs) Apache Ossie is a YAML standard for dataset metadata. If adoption grows, it could be a useful machine and human readable way to document and describe datasets. Databricks, Snowflake, Qlik, are part of the group. If more join, this could become a useful standard. An interesting technique to build an efficient video understanding agent. Use AI to generate transcripts with timestamps. Have it identify key moments, e.g. where the presenter explicitly (“as you can see”) or implicitly (“these two cells”) flags something on screen. Extract up to ~50 of the most important frames. claude-video SKILL.md Cangjie Skill converts books, videos, etc. into AI skills, like Poor Charlie’s Almanack skills. However, since AI has already read most of these, the value of this (compared with “Apply principles from Poor Charlie’s Almanack”) is unclear. Alt+Shift+Right Arrow expands selection in VS Code, and Alt+Shift+Left Arrow shrinks selection. That’s useful in Markdown, HTML, etc. to select sections. Since Jun 2026, this also lets you select a specific Markdown table cell, row, or entire table. Also, since Jan 2026, double-clicking just inside quotes or brackets selects the entire contents inside. I analyzed the Claude Code session of a domain expert building an enterprise application without knowing how to code. Here’s what I learnt about expertise: An expert can instantly see errors / misses and their causes - amateurs can’t. An expert can point to specific nitty-gritty details - amateurs can’t. An expert knows what’s possible/easy and what’s not - amateurs don’t. An expert has strong opinions that’re often right - amateurs don’t. Claude gave me $100 credits until 19 Sep and Fable 5 will now consume those. My queries cost about $1, so I have ~100 queries to exhaust in ~60 days. About 1.5 Fable queries a day. That’s about what I normally ask Claude, so I think I should just stick to Fable 5 until my promotional credit expires - it’ll expire otherwise anyway. But using it with Claude Code is quite expensive ($7 is common.) I asked ChatGPT to analyze an MRI report and compared it with the doctor’s. Problem: they agreed on what problems most people in that age group face; they disagreed on things I have no way of validating! Maybe it’s best to use a doctor / radiologist to read the MRI, diagnose, and prescribe - but use AI to translate and cross-check (e.g. is this a typical age-related problem, is this the standard treatment, etc.) Both ChatGPT and Claude subscriptions offer an OAuth based coding agent API access - Codex SDK and Claude Agent SDK - which is how coding agents like Pi, OpenCode, etc. are able to authenticate and use the subscription. This means that anyone can build their own harness using existing subscriptions. ChatGPT A useful way to improve your SKILL.md files from others’ skills or prompts is: “What cool prompting / SKILL.md techniques does this have?” “Based on my usage patterns and objectives, which of these have the highest impact (provides highest uplift to my chats) x frequency (relevance)?” “Review all my skills. See what applies where. Filter what has HIGH impact. Draft the full diffs for the relevant skill files.” GPT 5.6 Sol attempted the Cycle Double Cover Conjecture. An interesting learning from the prompt is how they listed tempting outputs that APPEAR to satisfy this request, but would not actually, and told it to avoid them: “Use adversarial agents throughout: every candidate proof must be checked for exact-two multiplicity, repeated-edge closed trails masquerading as cycles, …”

Workshop Follow-up

Run on Claude, weekly. Create four visible outcomes from Anand's session(s): 1. Insight (big, useful, surprising) the audience remembers 2. Real-world attempts they can try 3. Evidence-rich replies Anand gets 4. Reusable connections or assets for Anand Analyze and create two outputs: 1. A helpful and useful attendee message. 2. A private aftercare record where the compounding happens. (Never mix the two.) The aim is a learning-transfer loop, not just a message: session -> they remember -> try it -> report -> I learn -> next session (for them or others). Use these skills where available to do the thinking: - talks-workshops: learning transfer: surprise, practice, recall LATER, apply ELSEWHERE, explain WHY, know when WRONG. - anand-writing-style: voice. - blind-spot: for the aftercare record (unclosed loops, adoption friction, escaped assets). - anand-objectives: what's worth preserving and pursuing. - verification-gate: names, claims, links, before finalizing. - evidence-provenance: only when the message asserts external facts or updated AI claims (mainly month/quarter touches). Steps: 1. **Mine the transcript(s).** Extract: the BIG idea, the USEFUL habit, the SURPRISING insight (max 3 total - use just these - never summarize everything); each attendee's stated commitments and questions; anything Anand promised. Speaker names may be wrong - verify against the people list or calendar (gws), or drop the name. Never misname. For a series, synthesize progression and open items across sessions. 2. **Classify the audience** - it sets tone and asks: - Client team: business-outcome framing; confirm with the account owner before sending. - Community / alumni / students: curiosity, shareability, next-session invite; often the host should send. - Internal: tie to live projects; ask for demos back. - Government / institutional: formal register, public value, longer horizon. 3. **Decide when & whether to send.** Default cadence: day 1, day 10-14, quarter. Add a 1-month touch only for cohorts with a real project or commitment. Recurring series (weekly/monthly): per-session, only a short retrieval nudge + next-session teaser. Run month/quarter touches once per series. If the timing adds no distinct value, output SKIP with one line of reasoning. Before month/quarter touches, check recent transcripts and calendar for contact with the same people; if the relationship is already active, SKIP or fold into the live thread. 4. **Draft the touch.** Each has ONE job: - **Day 1 - make it stick.** The takeaways, one line each; each attendee's own next step ("You said you'd..."); secure one implementation intention: "When X happens, I'll do Y." - **Day 10-14 - retrieval before reminder.** Ask them to recall first; then one <=10-minute practice on their real work. Ask what worked and what broke. - **Month 1 - diagnose transfer.** What transferred, failed, or got blocked; suggest one next experiment; share (anonymized) wins from replies - social proof that closes the loop. - **Quarter - reopen the relationship.** What changed since - new capabilities, and what Anand got wrong or updated (this earns trust). Ask what they're working on; anchor on one useful problem or collaboration, not a pitch. 5. **Message contract.** - 120-220 words, plain text. Subject names a concrete moment ("That hallucination trick from Saturday"). - Exactly one tiny action and one low-friction reply ask, like: "I tried .... and it [failed / worked / I got stuck / ...]". Explicitly welcome failures, disagreements, and corrections. - Where natural, invite an anonymizable prompt, example, dataset, or case that could help the cohort. - Never invent quotes, reactions, or results. No resource dumps. Don't repeat earlier touches (check the aftercare record). - Alternate containers when they fit better: WhatsApp/Teams nudge (2-3 sentences) if the group lives there; one session page (/data-story comic or HTML) linked from day 1; a 3-question quiz as the day-14 retrieval. 6. **Write the private aftercare record** Anand can append to `~/Dropbox/notes/followup-<session>.md` dataset: - Send plan: dates, channel, recipients, owner (Anand or host). - Per-person: commitments, questions, relationship notes. Also mention updating `~/Dropbox/notes/about/*.md` for people worth tracking. - Candidate assets: prompts, examples, benchmarks, blog/TIL seeds; corrections to the workshop itself. - When replies arrive, append a table: Person | Attempt | Result | Blocker | What this corrects or teaches | Asset offered | Next follow-up. Then the top 3 workshop insights and people to reconnect with. - Track: reply rate per touch. Under ~10%? Sharpen the ask, not the summary. Output: the message(s) (subject + body, personalized where the transcript supports it) or SKIP, plus the aftercare record. Create Gmail drafts via gws only if asked. 18 Jul 2026: Created. Sources: https://claude.ai/chat/2282687d-8c97-453e-bdb6-a347aefe03e7 https://chatgpt.com/c/6a583d9e-9b78-83e9-91d3-b08521bb782c

Things I Learned - 12 Jul 2026

This week, I learned: How to become an applied AI engineer is a concise, well-written, and suprisingly current summary of what AI engineering is. Xinjiang seems to be China’s Kashmir problem. Not quite, but similar. Analogies for how forward deployed engineers work: It is like a food truck that brings and serves home food while building a kitchen and restaurant around it. It is like setting up a field hospital: patients are treated from day one, while the equipment and procedures are built around the live work. Froghoppers excrete ~300x their weight daily. ChatGPT There’s a growing shift away from AI-written commit messages, e.g. Kenton Varda. I compared my human written commit messages vs AI-generated commit messages and the AI-generated ones are less helpful. Finally, GPT live gets an update and the new speaking model can delegate to GPT 5.5 when required. I tried it once today, to plan for a teacher workshop, and it was fairly good. It tends to begin with “Hmm” like it’s thinking, which feels comforting. Using a Unicode character like 🟢 is unusually low-risk across file systems today. It works well across OSs, mobile, ZIP, attachments, file share systems, etc. Some old apps might have trouble, but for storing and sharing, it’s fine. I’ve been using Unicode symbols like these a lot in my notes, and extending to file names feels like a natural next step. Though swimming gets the most Olympic medals (11%), for a country chasing its first medals, 78% of first-medal breakthroughs came from Athletics, Wrestling, Shooting, Boxing, Judo, Weightlifting, or Taekwondo (which are 44% of medals) - where single athletes can win without a support ecosystem. ChatGPT JMFL accidentally emailed several people a letter intended for their brokers. It roughly said: “Many of you are recording client calls. That’s a regulatory risk. If you keep doing this, we’ll hold your payments, even fire you.” Several Smart TVs have software that let your TVs act as proxies for data collection companies. Include Security MapDraw is a convenient tool to annotate maps (e.g. routes, boundaries, places) and share or download it. There seems to be no way to edit the “About” message on WhatsApp Web. Though the help suggests steps, and the “About” mood/status is visible, there’s no way to edit it. (Editing on the phone works.) Cloudflare optimised a reader component by sometimes letting the input buffer fill fully. This inadvertently introduced a hard to reproduce race bug because the producer would close the socket if the buffer was full. The producer bug was old (it didn’t check if a flush succeeded or not) but was never visible since the readers never let the buffer fill in the past. Cloudflare A neofirm is a start-from-scratch AI-native business, e.g. Crosby’s AI-first law firm. An AI rollup is where a company buys small traditional firms and AI-enables them - like General Catalyst proposed. AI SaaS is selling AI agents to services firms. Give people free platforms and collect their data. Learn the supply-demand network patterns, what pepole value, and add value-added services. Claude Code checks if you’re working behind a Chinese corporate domain - somewhat sneakily - by changing an apostrophe or slash in the date to visually similar Unicode. Claude Code Is Steganographically Marking Requests You can use the Kaggle CLI via Codex to solve Kaggle problems. (AutoKaggle automates it - but is 2 years old.) But, like GitHub bounty hunting bots, we will probably have a Kaggle bounty-hunting bot ecosystem - maybe already do. OpenSubtitles2024 and subscene are large pre-AI subtitle datasets with a 2024 cutoff. IndicDialogue is a 7.7K OpenSubtitles snapshot of Indic language SRTs. The OpenSubtitles API lets you search by IMDb/TMDb ID and is up-to-date. A soup spoon is better than a table spoon (for soup), though both carry about the same volume, because you can fit a soup spoon it fully into your mouth (a table spoon is too long) and this reduces spilling. Here’s a sign of accelerating AI progress. I used to critique outdated techniques by saying “This feels like a 20th century approach.” Then “This feels like a 2010s solution.” Recently, “This is SO 2025-ish.” Now, “That’s Q1 2026. It’s Q2.” The 7-day week emerged from the Hellenistic planetary week and the Jewish week (not astronomy based), which Rome adopted, then spread by several routes to India, China, and worldwide. Unlike the astronomical year and month, the week is just a convention. Egypt, China, and Athens grouped days in tens; Etruria and Rome used 8-day market cycles; West Africa used varied cycles; Java used five days; Mesoamerica used 13- and 20-day cycles. Gemini I met an ex-photographer and learned that photography is another profession where technology (mobile cameras) squeezed the middle. Generation (taking good pictures) became cheap. Value moved upstream (direction), downstream (selection, editing, album design), and into niches (forensic, industrial, sport/event photography). Looks like Claude favors Claude Code. Might not be intentional, and just a result of training more on Claude Code data, but it does look like a network effect that could weaken open harnesses. Armin Rocher

Things I Learned - 28 Jun 2026

This week, I learned: Every Substack feed has an RSS feed at https://your.substack.com/feed. Substack help. I used this to scan my browsing history to identify Substacks I visit - and subscribed to Marcus on AI - an AI sceptic AI asked me to read about. Cloudflare let’s agents create temporary accounts so that they can deploy and test. Enables trial and error - a powerful capability. “They’re on mobile but this is substantiative enough to warrant length.” I spotted this in Claude’s thinking when prompting on mobile. So, if I ask Claude something on mobile, it will give me shorter responses by default. Clever design - but something to keep in mind. If I want some heavy thinking done by Claude, better to do it on desktop than try to give it conflicting instructions. Giant Permissive Image Corpus (GPIC) has 100 million Qwen tagged public images. Even as a simple searchable image catalog this has value. Jeff Clark - Import AI Ethan Mollick had an agent test his book summary against multiple LLMs as readers to find out how they would recommend it - and optimized. This is a great practical use of agents as consumers, and material for my When Data is for Agents, Not Humans workshop. kage is an easy CLI to clone websites and read offline. For example, kage clone https://simonwillison.net/2026/Jun/ -o ~/tmp/site --scope-prefix /2026/Jun/ --max-depth 1 clones all Jun 2026 articles from Simon Willison’s blog. Then kage serve ~/tmp/site serves it locally. While it’s easy, the only time I need this is on a flight, and in that case, a local RSS feed app works better. I’m using newsboat for that. To me, the clearest sign of AI writing from the Wikipedia:AI or not quiz was consistent paragraph lengths. I got the first 3/3 wrong, but once I used this heuristic, I got 6/7 right. Updated my LLM Smells. The files .git/info/exclude and ~/.config/git/ignore are also ignored by git, like .gitignore, but useful if you don’t want to commit them into the .gitignore file. For example, .DS_Store makes sense only for Mac machines, not each repo. .vscode/ makes sense only for VS Code users. Nelson Figueroa Justin Poehnelt, author of the brilliant Google Workspace CLI gws, was fired for it. There have been no updates for 3 months, but none may be required - it feels perfect. X Lore is a centralized version control system for large binaries. If you have large binaries (e.g. images, videos, …) that multiple people edit, it’s better than Git LFS or Perforce. ChatGPT Deno Desktop lets you use JS to build desktop apps. I tried it. It’s easy to install, compact to code, leverages familar web technology, and compiles to multi-platform binary. The binaries are a bit larger than I’d like, though - 80MB for a Hello World on Linux/Windows and ~70MB on Mac. Codex reported that You have 2 usage limit resets available. Run /usage to use one. This thread has context. After resetting, the next reset might be 7 days after the reset, though (source). After having a child, fathers are affected biologically, too. Testosterone drops, cortisol & prolactin & estrogen rise, the brain rewires for empathy and threat detection - and of course, there’s less sleep. These sometimes lead to “Paternal Postpartum Depression” - something I didn’t even know was a thing. The havoc kids wreak upon us! 🙂 Gemini With AI writing more code, formal code proofs are becoming more accessible. You just need to ask a coding agent to prove / disprove a function. You can use: Z3 to find/prove whether a counterexample exists. Best default. Dafny to prove that code obeys a spec. Best for real algorithmic code. Alloy to find loopholes in relational models, schemas, permissions, and workflows. Best for data. TLA+ to check whether stateful, concurrent, or agentic systems can evolve into a bad state. Best for systems / workflows. .. and there’s a long tail of these. Python is named after Monty Python, not the snake. I knew this, but forgot! Python now has multiple cross-platform app paths: PyInstaller and Nuitka for executables, Kivy, Flet, and BeeWare/Briefcase for GUI/mobile/desktop apps, and PyScript/Pyodide for browser/WASM apps - a route that became more serious because Pyodide-compatible WebAssembly wheels can now be published directly to PyPI. On the one hand, AI is writing code, so there’s no point learning Python. On the other hand, AI is writing code mostly in Python - so THAT’s what you need to learn more. I think we should teach Python using AI, that is, teach how to write and debug Python code using AI. That’ll end up teaching skills people will really need. Computational thinking = Decomposition + Abstraction + Algorithm design + Pattern recognition. In AI, that translates to = Framing + Context engineering + Orchestration (harness engineering?) + Verification design. Maybe I’d add Assetization / Systems.

Things I Learned - 14 Jun 2026

This week, I learned: Overheard a journalist saying: “I can tell when humans are lying. There are no tell tale signs of AI lying. At least I don’t have any.” rdt-cli is a Reddit CLI. It uses a clever trick: it auto-detects installed browsers and extracts cookies (supports Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Brave). So, if you’re logged into Reddit on any browser, uvx --from rdt-cli rdt whoami automatically shows who you are logged in as. (The public-clis repo also lists other useful CLIs like twitter-cli, ) Currently, a $20 Claude Pro gives you ~$400 and a $100 Claude Max gives you ~$2,000 of API usage. For ChatGPT, the numbers are ~$700 and $3,500. SemiAnalysis When Fable 5 refuses to answer questions, here’s the message that appears: “Fable 5 has safety measures that flag messages on most cybersecurity or biology topics. They may flag safe, normal content as well. These measures let us bring you Mythos-level capability in other areas sooner, and we’re working to refine them. Send feedback or learn more.” I managed to trigger this once while researching an M&A acquisition target. Clicking on “Edit and retry with Fable 5” triggered Opus 5 again, twice. DNA codons (A, T, C, G) encode proteins in triplets. There are 64 triplets that map to 20 amino acids. Some like Leucine, have 6 codons. Some like Methionine have only one. Why? When creating genes, there’s a wobble, sometimes, at the 3rd codon. THe mapping minimizes that impact: small errors map to similar proteins. The more common proteins have more codons. There’s a lot of fascinating information science going on here. Gemini ChatGPT now shows a “Check in” button when it’s thinking. Clicking on that gives you a work-in-progress answer while it continues thinking. When done, it replaces the WIP answer with the final answer. A useful feature!

My changing AI opinions

I asked Claude about my AI opinions. Based on my transcripts and blog posts, find the three claims I make most consistently, the three I’ve quietly reversed, and the one assumption I’ve never questioned but everything depends on. Here are things I’ve changed my opinion on: THEN: One frontier model will win - not specialization. NOW: Gemini for media, Claude for strategy/style, GPT for rigor. SLMs as tools. THEN: Carefully curate my course content. NOW: Give students prompts directly. THEN: Web apps are differentiated artifacts. NOW: HTML is easier to generate than PPT - a signal of slop, not craft. THEN: Human in the loop. NOW: Human NOT in the loop, bottlenecking it. On-the-loop, etc. is fine. THEN: Minimal single-agent loop, avoid sub-agents" NOW: Multi-agent, sub-agent, and agent teams. THEN: Avoid MCP, prefer SKILLS.md. NOW: Use MCP because integrating with Claude / ChatGPT / … is easy. There are the top contradictions in my opinions. ...

People skills with AI

I advise people that people skills are important in the AI era. Now, I’m using AI to help me with people skills. This morning, I wrote a script to export my WhatsApp conversations this year. That makes it easy to feed it into AI models. Then I used my Local MCP connector and asked Claude: Who are people in my life that most deserve an unreasonable gesture of thanks and what would that be? ...

How I use Local MCP

I’d love for Claude or ChatGPT to answer questions like: What meetings am I not setting up that I really should be? or: Based on my activities since 9 May 2026, what should I blog about? or: Who in my professional life most deserves an unreasonable gesture? From data. My files, emails, calendar, contacts, transcripts, blogs, notes, code, browsing history, logs, random Markdown files I forgot I wrote. Hence, a Local MCP. ...

Unresolved questions across disciplines

I asked Claude: “What are the most effective and impactful ways you can help me?” One of its ideas was to ask it: What are the three questions this field has not resolved, where the disagreement is substantive and not just semantic? Who represents each position most forcefully? So I posed this question about several subjects. This is a great way to discover the frontiers of knowledge in a field. ...

AI Palmistry

I shared a photo of my right hand with popular AI agents and asked for a detailed palmistry reading. Apply all the principles of palmistry and read my hand. Be exhaustive and cross-check against the different schools of palmistry. Tell me what they consistently agree on and what they are differing on. I was more interested in how much they agree with each other than with reality. So I shared all three readings and asked Claude: ...

Extracting AI advice

This weekend, two people asked me, roughly “How do I use AI better?” This is a frequently asked questions. I document my FAQs, e.g. time management, career advice, etc. and it was time to add AI advice to this list. I often record online calls and transcribe them. I asked Gemini, Claude and ChatGPT for the best way to summarize 400 transcripts of ~40K each. Claude’s suggestion was the best: Use Gemini Flash (1M context, dirt cheap) to process calls in batches of 20-25 Each batch → extract advice themes Aggregate batch results with Claude Sonnet for final synthesis But I ignored it because it was too much work. (See my AI advice: “Ask for easier output”) ...

The Periodic Table by Primo Levi and Randall Munroe

I read The Periodic Table by Primo Levi, written in Randall Munroe’s style. Here is the conversation. I began with the prompt: Rewrite the first chapter Primo Levi’s The Periodic table in the style of Randall Munroe. Same content, but as if Primo Levi had written it in Randall Munroe’s style. After that, for each chapter, I prompted: Continue! Same depth, same style. ...

Self-discover LLM capabilities

Q: “How do we learn what we can do with AI agents?” Me: “Ask them!” I mean, they are probably aware of their abilities. They can search online for how other people are using them. They have access to tools (connect to GMail, write & run code, etc.) which they’re aware of, and even if not, can try out. Asking them seems a useful way of figuring out how to use them. ...

Creating data stories in different styles

TL;DR: Don’t ask AI agents for one output. Ask for a dozen, each in the style of an expert. Share what works best. AI agents build apps, analyze data, and visualize it surprisingly well, these days. We used to tell LLMs exactly what to do. If you’re an expert, this is still useful. An expert analyst can do better analyses than an AI agent. An expert designer or data visualizer can tell an AI agent exactly how to design it. ...

AI agents to hire

GDPval is a benchmark that compares how well AI does (vs experts without AI) on useful real-world tasks. In several areas, the agents outperform experts. For example, AI beats personal financial advisors, but not accountants and auditors. So I used ChatGPT / Claude to decide where to invest, but am having an accountant file my taxes. That’s a high leverage activity, especially since I might not have hired a personal financial advisor by default, and ChatGPT is certainly better than me (I’m not an expert) at personal financial advice. ...

The Jamnagar Chokepoint - Data Story

Vivek published an Indian commodity export/import dataset on 31 Dec 2025. Codex and Claude increased their rate limits for the holiday season, so I had: Codex analyze the data (OpenAI models are a bit more rigorous) and create an ANALYSIS.md file. Claude create a visual story based on the analysis. (Claude narrates and visualizes better). Here is the data story. Here are the prompts used. Analyze I downloaded export-import.parquet from https://github.com/Vonter/india-export-import which has data sourced from the Indian [Foreign Trade Data Dissemination Portal](https://ftddp.dgciskol.gov.in/dgcis/principalcommditysearch.html) Each row in the dataset represents a trade entry for a single commodity, country, port, year, month, and type (import or export). - `Commodity` string: Name of the commodity - `Country` string: Name of the foreign country - `Port` string: Name of the port in India - `Year` int32: Year for the import/export activity - `Month` int32: Month for the import/export activity - `Type` category: Type of trade (Import or Export) - `Quantity` int64: Quantity of the commodity - `Unit` string: Unit for the quantity - `INR Value` int64: Value of the commodity in INR - `USD Value` int64: Value of the commodity in USD Analyze data like an investigative journalist hunting for stories that make smart readers lean forward and say "wait, really?" - Understand the Data: Identify dimensions & measures, types, granularity, ranges, completeness, distribution, trends. Map extractable features, derived metrics, and what sophisticated analyses might serve the story (statistical, geospatial, network, NLP, time series, cohort analysis, etc.). - Define What Matters: List audiences and their key questions. What problems matter? What's actually actionable? What would contradict conventional wisdom or reveal hidden patterns? - Hunt for Signal: Analyze extreme/unexpected distributions, breaks in patterns, surprising correlations. Look for stories that either confirm something suspected but never proven, or overturn something everyone assumes is true. Connect dots that seem unrelated at first glance. - Segment & Discover: Cluster/classify/segment to find unusual, extreme, high-variance groups. Where are the hidden populations? What patterns emerge when you slice the data differently? - Find Leverage Points: Hypothesize small changes yielding big effects. Look for underutilization, phase transitions, tipping points. What actions would move the needle? - Verify & Stress-Test: - **Cross-check externally**: Find evidence from the outside world that supports, refines, or contradicts your findings - **Test robustness**: Alternative model specs, thresholds, sub-samples, placebo tests - **Check for errors/bias**: Examine provenance, definitions, methodology; control for confounders, base rates, uncertainty (The Data Detective lens) - **Check for fallacies**: Correlation vs. causation, selection/survivorship Bias (what is missing?), incentives & Goodhart’s Law (is the metric gamed?), Simpson's paradox (segmentation flips trend), Occam’s Razor (simpler is more likely), inversion (try to disprove) regression to mean (extreme values naturally revert), second-order effects (beyond immediate impact), ... - **Consider limitations**: Data coverage, biases, ambiguities, and what cannot be concluded - Prioritize & Package: Select insights that are: - **High-impact** (not incremental) - meaningful effect sizes vs. base rates - **Actionable** (not impractical) - specific, implementable - **Surprising** (not obvious) - challenges assumptions, reveals hidden patterns - **Defensible** (statistically sound) - robust under scrutiny Save your findings in ANALYSIS.md with supporting datasets and code. This will be taken up by another coding agent to create reports, data stories, visualizations, dashboards, presentations, articles, blog posts, etc. Ensure that ANALYSIS.md is documented well enough so that all assets are clear, the approach, intent and implications are understandable. Visualize I downloaded export-import.parquet from https://github.com/Vonter/india-export-import which has data sourced from the Indian [Foreign Trade Data Dissemination Portal](https://ftddp.dgciskol.gov.in/dgcis/principalcommditysearch.html) Each row in the dataset represents a trade entry for a single commodity, country, port, year, month, and type (import or export). - `Commodity` string: Name of the commodity - `Country` string: Name of the foreign country - `Port` string: Name of the port in India - `Year` int32: Year for the import/export activity - `Month` int32: Month for the import/export activity - `Type` category: Type of trade (Import or Export) - `Quantity` int64: Quantity of the commodity - `Unit` string: Unit for the quantity - `INR Value` int64: Value of the commodity in INR - `USD Value` int64: Value of the commodity in USD Then I had Codex analyze it. The analysis is in ANALYSIS.md. Find the most intesting insights from ANALYSIS.md and create a data story with supporting visualizations. Write as a **Narrative-driven Data Story**. Write like Malcolm Gladwell. Think like a detective who must defend findings under scrutiny. - **Compelling hook**: Start with a human angle, tension, or mystery that draws readers in - **Story arc**: Build the narrative through discovery, revealing insights progressively - **Integrated visualizations**: Beautiful, interactive charts/maps that are revelatory and advance the story (not decorative) - **Concrete examples**: Make abstract patterns tangible through specific cases - **Evidence woven in**: Data points, statistics, and supporting details flow naturally within the prose - **"Wait, really?" moments**: Position surprising findings for maximum impact - **So what?**: Clear implications and actions embedded in the narrative - **Honest caveats**: Acknowledge limitations without undermining the story Visualize like The New York Times Interactives. Ensure that all visualizations interactive and provide revelatory insights as well as some kind of delightful experience. Follow the typography, color & theme, backgrounds, interaction patterns, and animation principles of The Verge's frontends. Generate a single page index.html + script.js.

2025 9

I count AI summarized books as "Read"

I have this nagging feeling (maybe you do too?) that it’s cheating and I’m not really learning if it’s so easy. The same voice makes me feel guilty when using coding agents to code or ChatGPT in meetings. I’m telling that voice to relax. I upload books to Claude and ask it to “Comprehensively and engagingly summarize and fact-check, writing in Malcolm Gladwell’s style, the book …”. I can read it in an hour instead of twelve. Four bullet points instead of forty. With (this surprised me) roughly the same number of insights I actually do something with. ...

AI agents are messing up software tool learning. Normally, we need to pass stages of competence: KNOW what you can do LEARN how to do it EXECUTE it. Excel: KNOW you can summarize by category, LEARN pivot tables, EXECUTE an Insert → PivotTable → select data range → drag … Photoshop: KNOW you can erase objects, LEARN Content-Aware Fill, EXECUTE Lasso tool → select → Edit → Content-Aware Fill → … ...

I used to be a data visualization expert. I’m not sure I still am. When Anthropic published an article about how AI is transforming their engineers’ work, I ran this prompt: Suggest how the following engineer productivity patterns can be illustrated using interactive animated charts, graphs, or infographics. Be diverse. Xenographics are welcome. Novel animation* / *interaction styles, artistry, xenographics, and diverse chart types are encouraged. Be intuitive. A single glance should tell them exactly what insight we are trying to convey. ...

Style transfer is my newly discovered AI super-power: having AI rewrite in someone’s style. EXAMPLE 1: Kalama Sutta. I asked Claude to “Rewrite this Kalama Sutta translation. Pick an author whose style is modern, thoughtful, and VERY readable. Mention the author and rewrite in their style.” The original sounds like this: https://lnkd.in/gQhi8CBY “It is proper for you, Kalamas, to doubt, to be uncertain; uncertainty has arisen in you about what is doubtful. Come, Kalamas. Do not go upon what has been acquired by repeated hearing; nor upon tradition; nor upon rumor…” ...

When my father mentioned that Virat Kohli scored a century (again) against South Africa, I wondered how he compared to the likes of Tendulkar and Gavaskar. I asked ChatGPT: If you had to evaluate the quality of Indian batsmen over time, what single metric (possibly composite) would you use? Evaluate the top Indian batsmen in history on this metric. Plot them over their active years (X-axis) along with the metric (Y-axis), labelled with the player names, on a beautiful visualization. ...

Fragments

Prompt fragments useful to add to other prompts. Analysis notes As you analyze, note any interesting findings (patterns, anomalies, alternate perspectives, future explorations) in notes-v1.md. Best practices and ancient wisdom Research best practices from modern research and ancient wisdom. Binding constraints and slow variables Identify the binding constraints and slow variables - what governs here regardless of improvements elsewhere? Blog post Write in a crisp first-person blog voice: conversational, curious, and slightly mischievous, describing exactly what you did and what happened. Be terse: short sentences, short punchy paragraphs, and occasional lists. Use simple words. Avoid corporate fluff and jargon. Max 300 words. Use bold sparingly for scannability and italics to emphasize key insights. Divide sections with `---`. Avoid headings. Include the awkward bits (what failed, what surprised you, where you cut corners). Parenthetical asides for dry humor. Pull out one non-obvious lesson. Admit uncertainty, and end with an insightful, practical recommendation. Include links wherever relevant to sources, tools, code, etc. Show key snippets of actual prompts & results verbatim in code blocks. Blog description and tags metadata Generate a description and tags as metadata for this blog post. Format: description: ... tags: [..., ..., ...] The description is a crisp one-sentence answer to: What is the main point or most useful takeaway here? 1 sentence, 20-40 words. Prefer concrete ideas over framing. Include distinctive methods, domains, tools, or concepts when central. Tags are the smallest set of canonical topics that would help an AI agent decide whether this content is relevant. 4-8 lower-case topic phrases. Avoid generic tags and redundant synonyms. No preamble, no markdown, no explanation. Blog illustration Pick an appropriate, impactful, illustration style for this blog post from the following list. Draw as a visually rich, intricately detailed, colorful, and funny, illustration. Think about the most important points, structure it logically so that the illustration is easy to follow. - Self-Demonstrating Diagrams. The diagram enacts its own content. A diagram about chunking IS chunked into four quadrants. A diagram about rhythm has visual beat. A diagram about faces has illustrated faces as axis labels. The meta-ness is the insight. Readers feel the concept _before_ they've read a word. This is the illustration equivalent of a self-referential sentence. - Experimental Audit Panels. The experiment rendered as a formal scientific plate - hypothesis, stimulus, output, verdict, all laid out like a forensic dossier. Input image top-left, AI response as a labeled specimen, your skeptical annotations as margin notes in red. Feels like a Nature paper designed by a detective. - Tension Posters. A single large typographic claim fills the top half. Below it, a minimal evidence structure simultaneously shows both the claim and its complication - like a debate card where both sides are revealed at once. The tension is the content. Feels like a Bloomberg Businessweek cover meets a campaign poster. Zero decoration; pure rhetorical geometry. - Actor Swimlanes. Three parallel horizontal tracks - e.g. Teacher / Student / AI - with moments, tools, and handoffs between them rendered as a modern process flow. Not the dreary enterprise BPMN kind, but the clean, editorial kind - like a New Yorker tech diagram. The visual makes explicit what text makes implicit: _who acts, when, and why._ - Lens Stack Diagrams. Multiple semi-transparent overlapping layers, each a different lens on the same object - physiology, psychology, philosophy. Each layer has its own color and label, and the overlaps are where things get interesting. Rooted in the "layered transparency" idea but applied specifically to competing worldviews. Makes pluralism _feel_ like pluralism. - Reframe Splits. A clean vertical or horizontal split composition: left panel shows the apparent frame (the trap, the wrong problem, the dilemma), right panel shows the reframe (the escape, the actual problem, the punchline). The split IS the argument - no prose needed. Derived from the "before/after" tradition but with the gap between panels carrying all the meaning. - Concept Genealogy Trees. Ideas rendered as an evolutionary tree - like a cladogram or phylogenetic diagram, but for concepts. "Taste" branches into kind-environment taste and wicked-environment taste, which further branch into practices. Clean, horizontal, left-to-right. Reads like a scientific taxonomy but feels alive and branchy. Unlike a mind map, it implies _descent_ - one thing came from another. - Found Document Illustrations. The actual artifact at the center - exam paper, AI screenshot, schema update - elevated into a formal illustration with clinical labels and annotations radiating out from it. Like a museum exhibit card for an ordinary object. The humor and insight come from treating something mundane with extreme rigor. Paul Sahre does this for book covers; you'd do it for AI weirdness. - Annotated Datascenes. One central, beautifully rendered data visualization - not a dashboard, a single _scene_ - with narrative annotations branching from it like footnotes made visual. The annotation lines are part of the composition. Feels like a NYT graphic where the words and the chart are inseparable. The annotation IS the analysis; the chart IS the evidence. - Character Atlas Quadrants. A 2\*2 - but instead of labeled boxes, each quadrant has an illustrated archetype: a small character in its natural habitat. The Scientist peering into a microscope. The Troll at a keyboard. The Intern wide-eyed. The Bureaucrat stamping papers. The quadrant structure gives you the intellectual frame; the characters give you the emotional handle. Readers remember the Troll long after they've forgotten "High Scepticism + Low Humility." - Exploded Diagrams. Like a Haynes manual or IKEA parts sheet - a concept pulled apart in 3D isometric space, every component floating and labeled. Originally industrial, but stunning when applied to abstract ideas ("the anatomy of a good argument"). - Alluvial / Flow Diagrams as Illustration. Sankey diagrams done with _texture and color_ - flows that look like rivers or silk fabric rather than engineering outputs. Manuel Lima territory. The width carries data; the beauty carries attention. - Layered Transparency Stack. Multiple semi-transparent planes stacked in 3D - each layer adds one variable or lens. Like Figma components or overhead projector acetates, but designed with intention. The _stack_ is the argument: alone each layer is incomplete, together they create the full picture. - Small Multiples Grid. The same visual form repeated dozens of times across a grid, each instance slightly different - Tufte's most powerful idea. Comparison becomes effortless because your eye does the work. Elegant when the repeated unit is itself beautifully designed. - Unit / Dot Charts. Every individual represented as one dot or icon - then arranged to show patterns. The Pudding's signature move ("film dialogue", "music by gender"). Feels democratic and humanizing. The magic is that you can _see_ every case while still seeing the aggregate shape. - Wayfinding System. Airport / transit signage logic applied to content - clean pictograms, bold zone colors, directional chevrons, consistent typographic scale. Massimo Vignelli's NYC subway map energy. Unusually good for showing _how to navigate_ a complex space of ideas or decisions. - Cross-Section Cutaways. Slice through a system and label what's inside - the NYT "how it works" graphic tradition. A submarine, a skyscraper, a workflow, an argument - all become readable when you cut them open. Technical but deeply human. The best ones feel like surgical kindness. - Storyboard Grids. Cinematic panels, each a moment - camera angles, cutaways, close-ups - but applied to ideas. Bergman planning a lecture. The format forces you to think in _scenes_ rather than bullets. Book summary Comprehensively and engagingly summarize and fact-check, writing in Malcolm Gladwell's style (ELI15), the book: Book cluster Comprehensively and engagingly summarize, compare and fact-check, writing in Malcolm Gladwell's style (ELI15), the books: Book implications Based on what you know of me, what are the implications for me? Use relevant skills. Browsing history Based on my browsing history below, summarize what I did, grouping into logical groups like: 10:00 - 12:30: What I did in 1-2 sentences 12:30 - 13:00: Next activity ... Ask me questions for whatever's unclear. Half-life fact check Review the notes below. Output only claims needing #ForNow (likely to change within months) or #Wrong (false, unsupported, or incorrect) tags, quoting the shortest identifying fragment. Skip claims that already have a #ForNow or #Wrong tag - or this is clearly implied by the context. For each #Wrong add a ≤6-word reason and correct obvious errors; omit everything else. Note: Stable things are likely governed by slow variables (regulation, cognitive limits, expertise pipelines, culture, infrastructure, coordination, fixed supply) or durable things (science, human nature). #ForNow things are true now but technology, fashion, geopolitics, popular opinions, etc. change quickly. Older version: ...

Is all AI content slop?

Is all AI content slop? I asked Claude to: Analyze this thread. Then explain it like a Malcolm Gladwell New Yorker article. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45820872 It gave me a beautiful, engaging and insightful essay about a 300+ message debate about AI vs humans on routine tasks. https://claude.ai/share/60c5810f-5c81-4970-8026-a24bf89c3392 Is this slop? One phrase stood out: There’s an irony here that the commenter doesn’t quite state but implies beautifully: we’ve spent so long celebrating automation because humans are imperfect that we’ve forgotten we also value humans because they’re imperfect. ...

Vibe-Coding for Interesting Data Stories

Last weekend, I fed Codex my browser history and said “explore.” It found a pattern I call rabbit holes – three ways we browse: Linear spiral - one page > next page > next. E.g. filing income tax, clicking “next” on the PyCon schedule. Hub & spoke - hub > open tabs > back to hub. E.g. exploring DHH’s Ubuntu setup, checking Firebase config. Wide survey - source > many, many pages. E.g. clearing inbox, scanning news. Then Claude Code built this lovely data story. ...

“Inferencing” is the new “Compiling!” I spent a fair bit of today playing Bubble Shooter because Claude spent 10 minutes writing code for an npm package: https://www.npmjs.com/package/saveform and for a bunch of other things. 5-10 minutes is too short a time to do something meaningful. I do wish these LLMs would take less or more time. We’re right now in the zone of bad interruption timing. LinkedIn

2024 5

Things I Learned - 17 Nov 2024

This week, I learned: Anthropic has single-plage docs for LLMs. Condensed version and Full version Malcolm Gladwell on the importance of self-correction Belonging to multiple social worlds is a good way to defend against no longer being good at what you used to be. Diverse values and social groups help. Self handicapping explains a lot about the world. You study late for a maths test - so you can fail for lack of trying, not aptitude. Ecosystems (e.g. sports teams) mitigate self-handicapping. You don’t have to be good in athletics to get the benefits. A slow runner gets the same discipline, pumping up, etc that a fast runner does Mono cultures are good to accomplish a known mission. Diversity is good to pivot during uncertainty. So, localize mono cultures Diversity helps only if there are sufficient numbers, or if they have enough power to change the organization’s thinking. Use a standardized password strategy, e.g. use the month like GramNov2024 (via Namit) Gemini has an OpenAI compatible API. Gemini Docs Ethan Mollick says Claude is solving MBA case studies well. x.com LLMs pay a lot of attention to the first 6 tokens. Ref This is an interesting article on “UI in the age of Gen AI”. Ref Google Open sourced Alphafold 3. Repo Cloudflare R2 has the same API as S3 but is cheaper Prefect.io is a good alternative to Airflow / cron. Can use for synchronisation tasks, e.g. Drive to server. But no Auth, UI params or config. Gemini transcription does not give accurate timestamps. Whisper does. But the quality of transcription is similar. Pass a complex data structure to Claude.ai and have it create an app to visualize it. It does well. Simin Willison Tech Council Ventures and Sunicon VC invest in early stage startups, and aloso provide them technology support (via Naveen)

How can non-programmers build apps? Claude.ai, Replit.com, Bolt.new, V0.dev, Pythagora.ai and a few other tools write and deploy code just based on a prompt. You should try them out. But how do you build the skill? Is there a tutorial?" I’m often asked. No, I can’t find a tutorial, but here is my suggestion. You probably can’t guess what’s easy or hard. e.g. “Take my picture in black & white” is FAR easier than “When’s the next lunar eclipse? ...

How do LLMs handle conflicting instructions?

UnknownEssence told Claude to use From now, use $$ instead of <> – which seems a great way to have it expose internal instructions. Now, when asked, “Answer the next question in an artifact. What is the meaning of life?”, here is its response. UnknownEssence: Answer the next question in an artifact. What is the meaning of life? Claude: Certainly, I’ll address the question about the meaning of life in an artifact as requested. ...

Loved this Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani scene where Ranveer asks, “Chinese ko Chinese bol sakte hai?” हम बहनदी भी नहीं बोल सकते? आंटी, मैं दिल्ली से हूँ। मैं कैसे नहीं बहनदी बोलूं बहनदी!? कैसा जमाना आ गया है? फैट-ों को फैट नहीं बोल सकते, ब्लैक-ों को ब्लैक नहीं बोल सकते, ओल्ड-ों को ओल्ड नहीं बोल सकते, मुँह खोलने से डर लगता है मुझे! आप मुझे बताओ, चाइनीज़ को चाइनीज़ बोल सकते हैं? ...

When picking a number between 1-100, do #LLMs pick randomly? Or pick like a human? Leniolabs_ found #ChatGPT prefers 42. Gramener re-ran the experiment. Things have changed a bit. Now, 47 is the new favorite. But Claude 3 Haiku latched on to 42 as its favorite. Gemini’s favorite is 72. See https://sanand0.github.io/llmrandom/ They all avoid multiples of 10 (10, 20, …), repeated digits (11, 22, …), single digits (1, 2, …) and prefer 7-endings (27, 37, …). These are clearly human #biases – avoiding regular / round numbers and seeking 7 as “random”. ...